Nefesh, to the contrary, suggests the material, mortal parts, the things that make us alive on this earth. The problem with this “soul,” for Alter, is its Christian connotations of an incorporeal and immortal being, the dualism of the soul apart from the body. According to the King James Version, Jonah says that the Mediterranean waters “compassed me about, even to the soul” - or nefesh. But consider the Book of Jonah 2:6 in which Jonah, caught in the depths of a giant fish’s gut, sings about the terror of near-death by water. That word, which translates the Hebrew word nefesh, has been a favorite in English-language Bibles since the 1611 King James Version. Published this month, it represents the culmination of nearly two and a half decades of work.Īlter told me about his decision to reject one of the oldest traditions in English translation and remove the word “soul” from the text. He occasionally cast a probing eye on his brand-new, complete translation of and commentary on the Hebrew Bible - from Genesis to Chronicles - which, at more than 3,000 pages, in three volumes, occupied most of an end table. Behind him, a picture window looked out onto a blooming garden now and then a hummingbird appeared over his left shoulder, punctuating his thoughts with winged flourishes. Alter, who is 83, sat on a sofa with a long-limbed, feline watchfulness. The above notation is also used in a few cases such as John 8 where NA and WH agree and SBL does not include the text.One morning this fall, at his home high in the Berkeley hills, the literary critic and translator Robert Alter chatted with me about the dilemmas he faced while translating the Hebrew Bible. ** Major variant * Minor or spelling variant Where both the NA and SBL agree on a variant word or spelling, it replaces the Nestle along with the following notation: TR and RP are included for major variants not contained in the critical texts. The Nestle text itself has been marked if not contained in either NA or SBL texts. Only the last version from left to right to contain a given variant is noted. Words not contained in the Nestle text have been included with the following notation: Paragraph formatting has been adapted from Westcott and Hort, 1881. Scrivener, The New Testament in the Original Greek according to the Text followed in the Authorised Version (Cambridge: University Press, 1894).īase text and orthography is the Nestle 1904 Greek New testament, courtesy of: site/nestle1904/. Pierpont, The New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform, 2005. 2: Introduction Appendix (Cambridge: Macmillan, 1881). Stuttgart: (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1993).īrooke Foss Westcott and Fenton John Anthony Hort, The New Testament in the Original Greek, vol. Holmes, Greek New Testament: SBL Edition. (British and Foreign Bible Society, 1904). Morphology in partnership with Helps BibleĮberhard Nestle, Η ΚΑΙΝΗ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗ. Strong's Tagging via Open Scriptures, David Troidl and Christopher Kimball Westminster Leningrad Codex text courtesy of Hebrew Transliteration Via ![]() Lockman Foundation for use of the NASB Exhaustive Concordance (Strong's).ĭavid Troidl and Christopher Kimball for use of the WLC with Strong's Tagging. ![]() We are grateful to those who have made this project possible:Ĭharles Van der Pool for use of the Apostolic Bible Polyglot Interlinear.
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